Quelltext der Seite Proto-Indo-European nominals

== <span id="Grammatical_categories">Grammatical categories</span> ==
<p style="text-align: justify;" >PIE nouns and adjectives (as well as pronouns) are subject to the system of PIE nominal inflection with eight or nine cases: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative nominative], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case accusative], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative vocative], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive genitive], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case dative], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case instrumental], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative ablative], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative locative], and possibly a directive or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allative allative].</p><p style="text-align: justify;" >The so-called ''strong'' or ''direct'' cases are the nominative and the vocative for all numbers, and the accusative case for singular and dual (and possibly plural as well), and the rest are the ''weak'' or ''oblique'' cases. This classification is relevant for inflecting the athematic nominals of different accent/ablaut classes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-13 [11]]</sup></p>
=== <span id="Number">Number</span> ===
<p style="text-align: justify;" >Three [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number numbers] were distinguished: singular, dual and plural. Many (possibly all) athematic neuter nouns had a special [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_number collective] form instead of the plural, which inflected with singular endings, but with the ending <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-h₂''</span> in the direct cases, and an amphikinetic accent/ablaut pattern (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-14 [12]]</sup></p>
=== <span id="Gender">Gender</span> ===
<p style="text-align: justify;" >Late PIE had three [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender genders], traditionally called ''masculine, feminine'' and ''neuter''. Gender or ''noun class'' is an inherent (lexical) property of each noun; all nouns in a language that has grammatical genders are assigned to one of its classes. Originally, there probably were only an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy animate] (masculine/feminine) and an inanimate (neuter) gender.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-15 [13]]</sup>This view is supported by the existence of certain classes of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latin] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek Ancient Greek] adjectives which inflect only for two sets of endings: one for masculine and feminine, the other for neuter. Further evidence comes from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_languages Anatolian languages] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language Hittite] which exhibit only the animate and the neuter genders.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-16 [14]]</sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;" >The feminine ending is thought to have developed from a collective/abstract suffix <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-h₂''</span> that also gave rise to the neuter collective.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-17 [15]]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meier-Brügger_2003_loc=F_315_18-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-Meier-Br%C3%BCgger_2003_loc=F_315-18 [16]]</sup> The existence of combined collective and abstract grammatical forms can be seen in English words such as ''youth'' = "the young people (collective)" or "young age (abstract)".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-19 [17]]</sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;" >Remnants of this period exist in (e.g.) the ''eh₂''-stems, ''ih₂''-stems, ''uh₂''-stems and bare ''h₂''-stems, which are found in daughter languages as ''ā-'', ''ī-'', ''ū-'' and ''a-''stems, respectively. They originally were the feminine equivalents of the ''o''-stems, ''i''-stems, ''u''-stems and root nouns. Already by late PIE times, however, this system was breaking down. <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-eh₂''</span>became generalized as the feminine suffix, and ''eh₂''-stem nouns evolved more and more in the direction of thematic ''o''-stems, with fixed ablaut and accent, increasingly idiosyncratic endings and frequent borrowing of endings from the ''o''-stems. Nonetheless, clear traces of the earlier system are seen especially in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit Sanskrit], where ''ī''-stems and ''ū''-stems still exist as distinct classes comprising largely feminine nouns. Over time, these stem classes merged with ''i''-stems and ''u''-stems, with frequent crossover of endings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;" >Grammatical gender correlates only partially with sex, and almost exclusively when it relates to humans and domesticated animals. Even then, those correlations may not be consistent: nouns referring to adult males are usually masculine (e.g ''father, brother, priest''), nouns referring to adult females (e.g. ''mother, sister, priestess'') are usually feminine, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive diminutives] may be neuter regardless of referent, as in both Greek and German. Gender may have also had a grammatical function, a change of gender within a sentence signaling the end of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase noun phrase] (a head noun and its agreeing adjectives) and the start of a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-eiec_20-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-eiec-20 [18]]</sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;" >An alternative hypothesis to the two-gender view is that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Anatolian Proto-Anatolian] inherited a three-gender PIE system, and subsequently Hittite and other Anatolian languages eliminated the feminine by merging it with the masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-21 [19]]</sup></p>
=== <span id="Case_endings">Case endings</span> ===
<p style="text-align: justify;" >Some endings are difficult to reconstruct and not all authors reconstruct the same sets of endings. For example, the original form of the genitive plural is a particular thorny issue, because different daughter languages appear to reflect different proto-forms. It is variously reconstructed as <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-ōm'', *''-om'', *''-oHom''</span>, etc. Meanwhile, the dual endings of cases other than the merged nominative/vocative/accusative are often considered impossible to reconstruct because these endings are attested sparsely and diverge radically in different languages.</p><p style="text-align: justify;" >The following shows three modern mainstream reconstructions. Sihler (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-22 [20]]</sup> remains closest to the data, often reconstructing multiple forms when daughter languages show divergent outcomes. Ringe (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-23 [21]]</sup> is somewhat more speculative, willing to assume analogical changes in some cases to explain divergent outcomes from a single source form. Fortson (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Fortson_endings_12-1" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-Fortson_endings-12 [10]]</sup> is between Sihler and Ringe.</p><p style="text-align: justify;" >The thematic vowel <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-o-''</span> ablauts to <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-e-''</span> only in word-final position in the vocative singular, and before <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''h₂''</span> in the neuter nominative and accusative plural. The vocative singular is also the only case for which the thematic nouns show ''accent retraction'', a leftward shift of the accent, denoted by <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-ĕ''</span>.</p>
{| class="wikitable" style="border-color: #ffffff; border-style: solid;" 
|-
! style="width: 243.45px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <br>
! style="width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | Athematic
! style="width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | Thematic
|-
! style="width: 167.233px;" | Sihler
! style="width: 99.4333px;" | Ringe
! style="width: 62.2167px;" | Fortson
! style="width: 247.25px;" | Sihler
! style="width: 165.367px;" | Ringe
! style="width: 117.917px;" | Fortson
|-
! style="width: 68.4667px;" rowspan="9" | Singular
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case nominative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 272.667px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-s ~ *-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-s</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-s</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case vocative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ĕ</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case accusative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-m</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-m</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | nom./voc./acc. neuter
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-m</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case instrumental]
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰi ~ *-mi ~ *-(e)h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-é-h₁ ~ *-h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-h₁ ~ *-e-h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-h₁ &gt;<sup id="cite_ref-comes_from_24-0" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-comes_from-24 [note 3]]</sup> *-ō</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case dative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ey</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōy</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-ey &gt; *-ōy</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case ablative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 272.667px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-s ~ *-os ~ *-es</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" rowspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-s</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōt, *-āt</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-ad</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o(h₂)at &gt; *-ōt</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case genitive]
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ī, *-osyo</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-syo (?)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-s (?)</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case locative]
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-i, *-Ø<sup>§</sup></span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-y ~ *-e-y</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >(**-e →) *-e-y</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-y</span>
|-
! style="width: 68.4667px;" rowspan="4" | Dual
! style="width: 168.983px;" | nom./voc./acc.
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₁e ~ *-h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₁e</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-h₁ ~ *-o-(h₁)e</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-h₁ &gt; *-ō</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | nom./voc./acc. neuter
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | ?
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.65px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ih₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-oyh₁</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-y(h₁)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-oyh₁</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | inst./dat./abl.
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | ?
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | ?
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | gen./loc.
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | ?
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | *-ows (?)
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | ?
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-eyows ~ *-oyows (?)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | ?
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | ?
|-
! style="width: 68.4667px;" rowspan="7" | Plural
! style="width: 168.983px;" | nom./voc.
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-es</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōs<br>-oy (pron.)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-es &gt; *-ōs</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | accusative
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ms</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.65px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ns</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-ms</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-ns</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | nom./voc./acc. neuter
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₂</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₂ ~ *-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₂</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 542.533px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-e-h₂ &gt; *-ā</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | instrumental
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰis ~ *-mis ~ *-mīs</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰí</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" rowspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰ-<sup>†</sup></span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōys ~ *-o-mis (?) ~ *-o-mīs (?)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōys</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" rowspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o(i)bʰ-<sup>†</sup></span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | dat./abl.
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰos ~ -mos</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-mos</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-bʰos ~ o-mos</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-mos (*-o-y-mos?)</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | genitive
| style="text-align: center; width: 167.233px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-om (?)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 99.4333px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-oHom</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 62.2167px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōm</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōm<br>-oysōm (pron.)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 165.367px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-oHom</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 117.917px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ōm</span>
|-
! style="width: 168.983px;" | locative
| style="text-align: center; width: 340.883px;" colspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-su</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 247.25px;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >(*-o-su?)<br>*-oysu (pron.)</span>
| style="text-align: center; width: 289.283px;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-o-y-su</span>
|}
<p style="text-align: justify;" ><sup>†</sup>The dative, instrumental and ablative plural endings probably contained a <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''bʰ''</span> but are of uncertain structure otherwise. They might also have been of post-PIE date.</p><p style="text-align: justify;" ><sup>§</sup>For athematic nouns, an ''endingless locative'' is reconstructed in addition to the ordinary locative singular in <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" title="Proto-Indo-European language">*''-i''</span>. In contrast to the other weak cases, it typically has full or lengthened grade of the stem.</p><p style="text-align: justify;" >An alternative reconstruction is found in Beekes (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals#cite_note-25 [22]]</sup> This reconstruction does not give separate tables for the thematic and athematic endings, assuming that they were originally the same and only differentiated in daughter languages.</p>
{| class="wikitable" style="border-color: ffffff;" 
|-
! style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" | <br>
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Singular
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | animate
! style="text-align: center;" | neuter
! style="text-align: center;" | animate
! style="text-align: center;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-s, *-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-m, *-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-es</span>
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-h₂, *-Ø</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-Ø</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align: center;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-m</span>
| style="text-align: center;" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ns</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Instrumental
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-(e)h₁</span>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-bʰi</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-(e)i</span>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-mus</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-(o)s, *-(e)t</span>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-ios</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-(o)s</span>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-om</span>
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Locative
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-i, *-Ø</span>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <span class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: times new roman, times, serif;" title="Proto-Indo-European language" >*-su</span>
|}