„How to Do Things with Words (Austin)“ – Versionsunterschied
| [ungesichtete Version] | [ungesichtete Version] |
Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „<p>''How to Do Things with Words'' (1955/1962) is perhaps Austin's most influential work. In contrast to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivist positivist]view, he argues, sentences with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-value truth-values] form only a small part of the range of utterances.</p><p>After introducing several kinds of sentences which he asserts are neither true nor false, he turns in particular to one of these kinds of sentences, wh…“ |
Keine Bearbeitungszusammenfassung |
||
| Zeile 1: | Zeile 1: | ||
Quelle: ''[[wikipedia:J._L._Austin#How_to_Do_Things_with_Words|How to Do Things with Words]]'' | |||
< | ''How to Do Things with Words'' (1955/1962) is perhaps Austin's most influential work. In contrast to the [[wikipedia:Positivist|positivist]] view, he argues, sentences with [[wikipedia:Truth-value|truth-values]] form only a small part of the range of utterances.<ref group="Übs.">How to Do Things with Words (1955/1962) ist vielleicht Austins einflussreichstes Werk. Im Gegensatz zur positivistischen Sichtweise, argumentiert er, bilden Sätze mit Wahrheitswerten nur einen kleinen Teil der Bandbreite von Äußerungen.</ref><p>After introducing several kinds of sentences which he asserts are neither true nor false, he turns in particular to one of these kinds of sentences, which he calls ''[[wikipedia:Performative_utterance|performative utterances]]'' or just "performatives". These he characterises by two features:<ref group="Übs.">Nachdem er mehrere Arten von Sätzen eingeführt hat, von denen er behauptet, dass sie weder wahr noch falsch sind, wendet er sich insbesondere einer dieser Arten von Sätzen zu, die er [[performative Äußerung|performative Äußerungen]] oder einfach „[[Performative]]“ nennt. Diese charakterisiert er durch zwei Merkmale:</ref></p> | ||
*Again, though they may take the form of a typical indicative sentence, performative sentences are not used to describe (or "constate") and are thus not true or false; they have no truth-value.<ref group="Übs.">Auch wenn performative Sätze die Form eines typischen Indikativsatzes annehmen können, werden sie nicht zur Beschreibung (oder „Feststellung“) verwendet und sind daher weder wahr noch falsch; sie haben keinen Wahrheitswert.</ref> | |||
*Second, to utter one of these sentences in appropriate circumstances is not just to "say" something, but rather to perform a certain kind of action.<ref><span class="reference-text">J.L. Austin, ''[https://archive.org/details/HowToDoThingsWithWordsAUSTIN How to Do Things with Words]'', Second Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975) 5.</span></ref><ref group="Übs.">Zweitens bedeutet das Aussprechen eines dieser Sätze in den entsprechenden Situationen nicht einfach nur, etwas zu „sagen“, sondern vielmehr eine bestimmte Art von Handlung auszuführen.</ref> | |||
<p>He goes on to say that when something goes wrong in connection with a performative utterance it is, as he puts it, "infelicitous", or "unhappy" rather than false.<ref><span class="reference-text">''How to Do Things with Words,'' 14.</span></ref><ref><span class="reference-text">Austin seems to have thought, controversially, that a performative utterance must be infelicitous if it occurs in a poem. [[wikipedia:Robert_Maximilian_de_Gaynesford|Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford]] has argued that what Austin intends by his comments on poetry is better than is usually thought, but what he offers poets is considerably worse; see his 'The Seriousness of Poetry' ''Essays in Criticism'' 59, 2009, 1-21.</span></ref><ref group="Übs.">Er führt weiter aus, dass, wenn im Zusammenhang mit einer performativen Äußerung etwas schief geht, dies, wie er es ausdrückt, eher „unangebracht“ oder „unglücklich“ als falsch sei.</ref></p><p>The action that is performed when a 'performative utterance' is issued belongs to what Austin later calls a ''[[wikipedia:Speech_act|speech-act]]''<ref><span class="reference-text">J.L. Austin, ''How to Do Things With Words'', Second Edition (1976, Oxford University Press). pp40</span></ref> (more particularly, the kind of action Austin has in mind is what he subsequently terms the ''[[wikipedia:Illocutionary_act|illocutionary act]]'').<ref group="Übs.">Die Handlung, die ausgeführt wird, wenn eine „[[performative Äußerung]]“ ausgesprochen wird, gehört zu dem, was Austin später einen [[Sprechakt]] nennt (genauer gesagt bezeichnet er die Art von Handlung, die Austin im Sinn hat, später als [[illokutionärer Sprechakt|illokutionären Akt]]).</ref> For example, if you say "I name this ship the ''Queen Elizabeth'' and the circumstances are appropriate in certain ways, then you will have done something special, namely, you will have performed the act of naming the ship.<ref group="Übs.">Wenn Sie zum Beispiel sagen: „Ich nenne dieses Schiff „Queen Elizabeth“ und die Umstände sind in gewisser Weise angemessen, dann haben Sie etwas Besonderes getan, nämlich die Benennung des Schiffes vorgenommen.“</ref> Other examples include: "I take this man as my lawfully wedded husband", used in the course of a marriage ceremony, or "I bequeath this watch to my brother", as occurring in a will. In all three cases the sentence is not being used to describe or state what one is 'doing', but being used to actually 'do' it.<ref group="Übs.">Weitere Beispiele sind: „Ich nehme diesen Mann als meinen rechtmäßig angetrauten Ehemann“, wie es im Rahmen einer Trauung verwendet wird, oder „Ich vermache diese Uhr meinem Bruder“, wie es in einem Testament steht. In allen drei Fällen wird der Satz nicht verwendet, um zu beschreiben oder anzugeben, was man „tut“, sondern um es tatsächlich zu „tun“.</ref></p><p>After numerous attempts to find more characteristics of performatives, and after having met with many difficulties, Austin makes what he calls a "fresh start", in which he considers "more generally the senses in which to say something may be to do something, or in saying something we do something".<ref group="Übs.">Nach zahlreichen Versuchen, mehr Charakteristika von [[Performative|Performativen]] zu finden, und nachdem er auf viele Schwierigkeiten gestoßen ist, unternimmt Austin einen, wie er es nennt, „Neuanfang“, bei dem er „allgemeiner die Sinne betrachtet, in denen man etwas sagen kann, etwas tun, oder.“ indem wir etwas sagen, tun wir etwas.“</ref></p>For example: John Smith turns to Sue Snub and says 'Is Jeff's shirt red?', to which Sue replies 'Yes'.<ref group="Übs.">Zum Beispiel: John Smith wendet sich an Sue Snub und fragt „Ist Jeffs Hemd rot?“, worauf Sue mit „Ja“ antwortet.</ref> John has produced a series of bodily movements which result in the production of a certain sound.<ref group="Übs.">John hat eine Reihe von Körperbewegungen hervorgebracht, die zur Erzeugung eines bestimmten Klangs führen.</ref> Austin called such a performance a ''phonetic act'', and called the act a ''phone''.<ref group="Übs.">Austin nannte eine solche Aufführung einen [[phonetischer Akt|phonetischen Akt]] und nannte den Akt ein [[Phonem]].</ref> John's utterance also conforms to the lexical and grammatical conventions of English—that is, John has produced an English sentence.<ref group="Übs.">Johns Äußerung entspricht auch den lexikalischen und grammatikalischen Konventionen des Englischen – das heißt, John hat einen englischen Satz hervorgebracht.</ref> Austin called this a ''[[wikipedia:Phatic|phatic]] act'', and labels such utterances ''phemes''.<ref group="Übs.">Austin nannte dies einen [[phatischer Akt|phatischen Akt]] und bezeichnet solche Äußerungen als [[Phemen]].</ref> John also referred to Jeff's shirt, and to the colour red.<ref group="Übs.">John bezog sich auch auf Jeffs Hemd und auf die Farbe Rot.</ref> To use a pheme with a more or less definite sense and reference is to utter a ''[[wikipedia:Semiotic_elements_and_classes_of_signs_(Peirce)#Classes_of_signs|rheme]]'', and to perform a ''rhetic act''.<ref group="Übs.">Ein Phem mit einem mehr oder weniger eindeutigen Sinn und Bezug zu verwenden bedeutet, ein [[Rhem]] auszusprechen und einen [[rhetorischer Akt|rhetorischen Akt]] auszuführen.</ref> Note that rhemes are a sub-class of phemes, which in turn are a sub-class of phones.<ref group="Übs.">Beachten Sie, dass Rhemes eine Unterklasse von Phemen sind, die wiederum eine Unterklasse von Phoneme sind.</ref> One cannot perform a rheme without also performing a pheme and a phone.<ref group="Übs.">Man kann kein Rheme ausführen, ohne gleichzeitig ein Pheme und einen Phonem auszuführen.</ref> The performance of these three acts is the performance of a ''locution''—it is the act of saying something.<ref group="Übs.">Die Ausführung dieser drei Akte ist die Ausführung einer Rede – es ist der Akt, etwas zu sagen.</ref><p>John has therefore performed a locutionary act.<ref group="Übs.">John hat also einen [[lokutionärer Akt|lokutionären Akt]] vollzogen.</ref> He has also done at least two other things.<ref group="Übs.">Er hat auch mindestens zwei andere Dinge getan.</ref> He has asked a question, and he has elicited an answer from Sue.<ref group="Übs.">Er hat eine Frage gestellt und Sue eine Antwort entlockt.</ref></p><p>Asking a question is an example of what Austin called an ''[[wikipedia:Illocutionary_act|illocutionary act]].''<ref group="Übs.">Das Stellen einer Frage ist ein Beispiel für das, was Austin einen [[illokutionärer Sprechakt|illokutionären Akt]] nannte.</ref> Other examples would be making an assertion, giving an order, and promising to do something.<ref group="Übs.">Andere Beispiele wären das Aufstellen einer Behauptung, das Erteilen eines Befehls und das Versprechen, etwas zu tun.</ref> To perform an illocutionary act is to use a locution with a certain force.<ref group="Übs.">Eine [[illokutionäre Handlung]] auszuführen bedeutet, eine Sprache mit einer bestimmten Kraft zu verwenden.</ref> It is an act performed ''in'' saying something, in contrast with a locution, the act ''of'' saying something.<ref group="Übs.">Es ist eine Handlung, die ausgeführt wird, um etwas zu sagen, im Gegensatz zu einer Redewendung, der Handlung, etwas zu sagen.</ref></p><p>Eliciting an answer is an example of what Austin calls a ''[[wikipedia:Perlocutionary_act|perlocutionary act]]'', an act performed ''by'' saying something.<ref group="Übs.">Das Hervorrufen einer Antwort ist ein Beispiel für das, was Austin einen [[perlokutionärer Akt|perlokutionären Akt]] nennt, eine Handlung, die dadurch ausgeführt wird, dass man etwas sagt.</ref> Notice that if one successfully performs a perlocution, one also succeeds in performing both an illocution and a locution.<ref group="Übs.">Beachten Sie, dass, wenn man erfolgreich eine [[Perlokution]] ausführt, es einem auch gelingt, sowohl eine [[Illokution]] als auch eine [[Lokution]] auszuführen.</ref></p><p>In the theory of speech acts, attention has especially focused on the illocutionary act, much less on the locutionary and perlocutionary act, and only rarely on the subdivision of the locution into phone, pheme and rheme.<ref group="Übs.">In der Theorie der [[Sprechakte]] liegt die Aufmerksamkeit vor allem auf dem [[illokutionärer Sprechakt|illokutionären Akt]], viel weniger auf dem [[lokutionärer Akt|lokutionären]] und [[perlokutionärer Akt|perlokutionären Akt]] und nur selten auf der Unterteilung der [[Lokution]] in [[Phone]], [[Pheme]] und [[Rheme]].</ref></p><p>''How to Do Things With Words'' is based on lectures given at Oxford between 1951 and 1954, and then at Harvard in 1955.<ref><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/austin/austin.html "Notes by J.L. Austin"]. Bodleian Library at Oxford University.</cite></span></ref><ref group="Übs.">„How to Do Things With Words“ basiert auf Vorlesungen, die zwischen 1951 und 1954 in Oxford und 1955 in Harvard gehalten wurden</ref></p> | |||
#<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/austin/austin.html "Notes by J.L. Austin"]. Bodleian Library at Oxford University.</cite></span> | |||
Version vom 26. Juli 2024, 09:49 Uhr
Quelle: How to Do Things with Words
How to Do Things with Words (1955/1962) is perhaps Austin's most influential work. In contrast to the positivist view, he argues, sentences with truth-values form only a small part of the range of utterances.[Übs. 1]
After introducing several kinds of sentences which he asserts are neither true nor false, he turns in particular to one of these kinds of sentences, which he calls performative utterances or just "performatives". These he characterises by two features:[Übs. 2]
- Again, though they may take the form of a typical indicative sentence, performative sentences are not used to describe (or "constate") and are thus not true or false; they have no truth-value.[Übs. 3]
- Second, to utter one of these sentences in appropriate circumstances is not just to "say" something, but rather to perform a certain kind of action.[1][Übs. 4]
He goes on to say that when something goes wrong in connection with a performative utterance it is, as he puts it, "infelicitous", or "unhappy" rather than false.[2][3][Übs. 5]
The action that is performed when a 'performative utterance' is issued belongs to what Austin later calls a speech-act[4] (more particularly, the kind of action Austin has in mind is what he subsequently terms the illocutionary act).[Übs. 6] For example, if you say "I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth and the circumstances are appropriate in certain ways, then you will have done something special, namely, you will have performed the act of naming the ship.[Übs. 7] Other examples include: "I take this man as my lawfully wedded husband", used in the course of a marriage ceremony, or "I bequeath this watch to my brother", as occurring in a will. In all three cases the sentence is not being used to describe or state what one is 'doing', but being used to actually 'do' it.[Übs. 8]
After numerous attempts to find more characteristics of performatives, and after having met with many difficulties, Austin makes what he calls a "fresh start", in which he considers "more generally the senses in which to say something may be to do something, or in saying something we do something".[Übs. 9]
For example: John Smith turns to Sue Snub and says 'Is Jeff's shirt red?', to which Sue replies 'Yes'.[Übs. 10] John has produced a series of bodily movements which result in the production of a certain sound.[Übs. 11] Austin called such a performance a phonetic act, and called the act a phone.[Übs. 12] John's utterance also conforms to the lexical and grammatical conventions of English—that is, John has produced an English sentence.[Übs. 13] Austin called this a phatic act, and labels such utterances phemes.[Übs. 14] John also referred to Jeff's shirt, and to the colour red.[Übs. 15] To use a pheme with a more or less definite sense and reference is to utter a rheme, and to perform a rhetic act.[Übs. 16] Note that rhemes are a sub-class of phemes, which in turn are a sub-class of phones.[Übs. 17] One cannot perform a rheme without also performing a pheme and a phone.[Übs. 18] The performance of these three acts is the performance of a locution—it is the act of saying something.[Übs. 19]
John has therefore performed a locutionary act.[Übs. 20] He has also done at least two other things.[Übs. 21] He has asked a question, and he has elicited an answer from Sue.[Übs. 22]
Asking a question is an example of what Austin called an illocutionary act.[Übs. 23] Other examples would be making an assertion, giving an order, and promising to do something.[Übs. 24] To perform an illocutionary act is to use a locution with a certain force.[Übs. 25] It is an act performed in saying something, in contrast with a locution, the act of saying something.[Übs. 26]
Eliciting an answer is an example of what Austin calls a perlocutionary act, an act performed by saying something.[Übs. 27] Notice that if one successfully performs a perlocution, one also succeeds in performing both an illocution and a locution.[Übs. 28]
In the theory of speech acts, attention has especially focused on the illocutionary act, much less on the locutionary and perlocutionary act, and only rarely on the subdivision of the locution into phone, pheme and rheme.[Übs. 29]
How to Do Things With Words is based on lectures given at Oxford between 1951 and 1954, and then at Harvard in 1955.[5][Übs. 30]
Referenzfehler: <ref>-Tags existieren für die Gruppe Übs., jedoch wurde kein dazugehöriges <references group="Übs." />-Tag gefunden.
- ↑ J.L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, Second Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975) 5.
- ↑ How to Do Things with Words, 14.
- ↑ Austin seems to have thought, controversially, that a performative utterance must be infelicitous if it occurs in a poem. Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford has argued that what Austin intends by his comments on poetry is better than is usually thought, but what he offers poets is considerably worse; see his 'The Seriousness of Poetry' Essays in Criticism 59, 2009, 1-21.
- ↑ J.L. Austin, How to Do Things With Words, Second Edition (1976, Oxford University Press). pp40
- ↑ "Notes by J.L. Austin". Bodleian Library at Oxford University.