„primum mobile“ – Versionsunterschied
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lat. prime mover [[Schöpfer]] (Mask.)/ Schöpferin (Fem.) ; (source of motive power) [[Energiequelle]] (Fem.); (figurative) (of plan etc.) [[Urheber]] (Mask.)/ Urheberin (Fem.) | lat. prime mover [[Schöpfer]] (Mask.)/ Schöpferin (Fem.) ; (source of motive power) [[Energiequelle]] (Fem.); (figurative) (of plan etc.) [[Urheber]] (Mask.)/ Urheberin (Fem.) | ||
\{\{short description|Outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe}} | |||
\{\{incomplete citations|date=November 2024}} | |||
{{short description|Outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe}} | |||
{{incomplete citations|date=November 2024}} | |||
[[File:Master of the E-Series Tarocchi, Primo Mobile (Prime Mover), c. 1465, NGA 51131.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The angel of the ''Primum Mobile'' from the E-Series of the so-called [[Mantegna Tarocchi]]]] | [[File:Master of the E-Series Tarocchi, Primo Mobile (Prime Mover), c. 1465, NGA 51131.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The angel of the ''Primum Mobile'' from the E-Series of the so-called [[Mantegna Tarocchi]]]] | ||
In [[History of astronomy|classical, medieval, and Renaissance astronomy]], the '''Primum Mobile''' ([[Latin]]: "first movable") was the outermost moving [[celestial spheres|sphere]] in the [[geocentric model]] of the [[universe]].<ref>{{cite book |first=T. H. |last=Greer |title=A Brief History of the Western World |year=2004 |page=419}}</ref> | In [[History of astronomy|classical, medieval, and Renaissance astronomy]], the '''Primum Mobile''' ([[Latin]]: "first movable") was the outermost moving [[celestial spheres|sphere]] in the [[geocentric model]] of the [[universe]].<ref>\{\{cite book |first=T. H. |last=Greer |title=A Brief History of the Western World |year=2004 |page=419}}</ref> | ||
The concept was introduced by [[Ptolemy]] to account for the apparent [[diurnal motion|daily motion]] of the heavens around the Earth, producing the east-to-west rising and setting of the sun and stars, and reached Western Europe via [[Avicenna]].<ref>{{cite book |first=G. |last=Galle |title=Peter of Auvergne |year=2003 |page=233}}</ref> | The concept was introduced by [[Ptolemy]] to account for the apparent [[diurnal motion|daily motion]] of the heavens around the Earth, producing the east-to-west rising and setting of the sun and stars, and reached Western Europe via [[Avicenna]].<ref>\{\{cite book |first=G. |last=Galle |title=Peter of Auvergne |year=2003 |page=233}}</ref> | ||
==Appearance and rotation== | ==Appearance and rotation== | ||
The Ptolemaic system presented a view of the universe in which apparent motion was taken for real – a viewpoint still maintained in common speech through such everyday terms as ''moonrise'' and ''sunset''.<ref name="Dante-1975">{{cite book |last=Dante |title=Hell |year=1975 |pages=292–295}}</ref> Rotation of the Earth on its polar axis – as seen in a [[heliocentric]] solar system, which (while anticipated by [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]]) was not to be widely accepted until well after [[Copernicus]]<ref name="Dante-1975"/> – leads to what earlier astronomers saw as the real movement of all the heavenly bodies around the Earth every 24 hours.<ref>{{cite book |first=F. A. C. |last=Mantillo |title=Medieval Latin |year=1996 |page=365}}</ref> | The Ptolemaic system presented a view of the universe in which apparent motion was taken for real – a viewpoint still maintained in common speech through such everyday terms as ''moonrise'' and ''sunset''.<ref name="Dante-1975">\{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Hell |year=1975 |pages=292–295}}</ref> Rotation of the Earth on its polar axis – as seen in a [[heliocentric]] solar system, which (while anticipated by [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]]) was not to be widely accepted until well after [[Copernicus]]<ref name="Dante-1975"/> – leads to what earlier astronomers saw as the real movement of all the heavenly bodies around the Earth every 24 hours.<ref>\{\{cite book |first=F. A. C. |last=Mantillo |title=Medieval Latin |year=1996 |page=365}}</ref> | ||
Astronomers believed that the seven [[naked-eye planets]] (including the Moon and the Sun) were carried around the [[spherical Earth]] on invisible orbs, while an eighth sphere contained the fixed [[star]]s. Motion was provided to the whole system by the Primum Mobile, itself set within the [[Empyrean]], and the fastest moving of all the spheres.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dante |title=Purgatory |year=1971 |pages=333, 338}}</ref> | Astronomers believed that the seven [[naked-eye planets]] (including the Moon and the Sun) were carried around the [[spherical Earth]] on invisible orbs, while an eighth sphere contained the fixed [[star]]s. Motion was provided to the whole system by the Primum Mobile, itself set within the [[Empyrean]], and the fastest moving of all the spheres.<ref>\{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Purgatory |year=1971 |pages=333, 338}}</ref> | ||
==Spherical variations== | ==Spherical variations== | ||
| Zeile 33: | Zeile 23: | ||
==Copernicus and after== | ==Copernicus and after== | ||
Copernicus accepted existence of the sphere of the fixed stars, and (more ambiguously) that of the Primum Mobile,<ref>{{cite book |first=O. |last=Pederson |title=Early Physics and Astronomy |year=1993 |page=271}}</ref> as too (initially) did [[Galileo]]<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Reston |title=Galileo: A Life |year=2005 |page=46}}</ref> – though he would later challenge its necessity in a heliocentric system.<ref>{{cite book |first=Galileo |last=Galilei |title=Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |publisher=University of California Press |page=261}}</ref> | Copernicus accepted existence of the sphere of the fixed stars, and (more ambiguously) that of the Primum Mobile,<ref>\{\{cite book |first=O. |last=Pederson |title=Early Physics and Astronomy |year=1993 |page=271}}</ref> as too (initially) did [[Galileo]]<ref>\{\{cite book |first=J. |last=Reston |title=Galileo: A Life |year=2005 |page=46}}</ref> – though he would later challenge its necessity in a heliocentric system.<ref>\{\{cite book |first=Galileo |last=Galilei |title=Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |publisher=University of California Press |page=261}}</ref> | ||
[[Francis Bacon]] was as sceptical of the Primum Mobile as he was of the rotation of the earth.<ref>{{cite book |first=R. L. |last=Ellis |title=Collected Works of Francis Bacon |volume=1 |year=1996 |page=450}}</ref> Once [[Kepler]] had made the sun, not the Primum Mobile, the cause of planetary motion, however,<ref>{{cite book |first=N. R. |last=Hanson |title=Constellations and Conjectures |year=1973 |pages=256–257}}</ref> the Primum Mobile gradually declined into the realm of metaphor or literary allusion. | [[Francis Bacon]] was as sceptical of the Primum Mobile as he was of the rotation of the earth.<ref>\{\{cite book |first=R. L. |last=Ellis |title=Collected Works of Francis Bacon |volume=1 |year=1996 |page=450}}</ref> Once [[Kepler]] had made the sun, not the Primum Mobile, the cause of planetary motion, however,<ref>\{\{cite book |first=N. R. |last=Hanson |title=Constellations and Conjectures |year=1973 |pages=256–257}}</ref> the Primum Mobile gradually declined into the realm of metaphor or literary allusion. | ||
==Literary references== | ==Literary references== | ||
*[[Dante]] made the Primum Mobile the ninth of the ten heavens into which he divided his ''[[ | *[[Dante]] made the Primum Mobile the ninth of the ten heavens into which he divided his ''[[Paradiso]]''.<ref>\{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Paradise |pages=22–23 and endpiece}}</ref> | ||
*In [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s "[[The Man of Law's Tale|Man of Law's Tale]]", the Primum Mobile is apostrophized: "O firste moevyng! crueel firmament, / With thy diurnal sweigh that crowdest ay / And hurlest al from est til occident / That naturelly wolde holde another way ..." (ll. 295–298).<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=F. N. |editor1-link=Fred Norris Robinson |date=1957 |title=The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer |edition=2nd |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=65}}</ref> | *In [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s "[[The Man of Law's Tale|Man of Law's Tale]]", the Primum Mobile is apostrophized: "O firste moevyng! crueel firmament, / With thy diurnal sweigh that crowdest ay / And hurlest al from est til occident / That naturelly wolde holde another way ..." (ll. 295–298).<ref>\{\{cite book |editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=F. N. |editor1-link=Fred Norris Robinson |date=1957 |title=The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer |edition=2nd |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=65}}</ref> | ||
*[[W. B. Yeats]] wrote: "The Primum Mobile that fashioned us / Has made the very owls in circles move."<ref>{{cite book |first=W. B. |last=Yeats |author-link=W. B. Yeats |title=The Poems |year=1984 |page=203}}</ref> | *[[W. B. Yeats]] wrote: "The Primum Mobile that fashioned us / Has made the very owls in circles move."<ref>\{\{cite book |first=W. B. |last=Yeats |author-link=W. B. Yeats |title=The Poems |year=1984 |page=203}}</ref> | ||
*[[John Ciardi]] wrote: "One night I dreamed I was locked in my Father's watch / With Ptolemy and twenty-one ruby stars / Mounted on spheres and the Primum Mobile / Coiled and gleaming to the end of space."<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Ciardi |title=Collected Poems of John Ciardi |year=1997}}</ref> | *[[John Ciardi]] wrote: "One night I dreamed I was locked in my Father's watch / With Ptolemy and twenty-one ruby stars / Mounted on spheres and the Primum Mobile / Coiled and gleaming to the end of space."<ref>\{\{cite book |first=John |last=Ciardi |title=Collected Poems of John Ciardi |year=1997}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Zeile 48: | Zeile 38: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|30em}} | \{\{Reflist|30em}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*{{cite book |first=C. S. |last=Lewis |author-link=C. S. Lewis |title=The Discarded Image |date=1964 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} | *\{\{cite book |first=C. S. |last=Lewis |author-link=C. S. Lewis |title=The Discarded Image |date=1964 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} | ||
*{{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Orr |title=Dante and the Early Astronomers |year=1913 |location=London |publisher=Gall & Inglis}} | *\{\{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Orr |title=Dante and the Early Astronomers |year=1913 |location=London |publisher=Gall & Inglis}} | ||
[[ | [[Kategorie:Wikipedia.de Artikel]] Early scientific cosmologies]] | ||
[[ | [[Kategorie:Wikipedia.de Artikel]] Esoteric cosmology]] | ||
[[ | [[Kategorie:Wikipedia.de Artikel]] Hermeticism]] | ||
[[Kategorie:Wikipedia.en Artikel]] | |||
Aktuelle Version vom 11. August 2026, 10:11 Uhr
primum mobile
lat. prime mover Schöpfer (Mask.)/ Schöpferin (Fem.) ; (source of motive power) Energiequelle (Fem.); (figurative) (of plan etc.) Urheber (Mask.)/ Urheberin (Fem.)
\{\{short description|Outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe}} \{\{incomplete citations|date=November 2024}}
,_c._1465,_NGA_51131.jpg)
In classical, medieval, and Renaissance astronomy, the Primum Mobile (Latin: "first movable") was the outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe.[1]
The concept was introduced by Ptolemy to account for the apparent daily motion of the heavens around the Earth, producing the east-to-west rising and setting of the sun and stars, and reached Western Europe via Avicenna.[2]
Appearance and rotation
The Ptolemaic system presented a view of the universe in which apparent motion was taken for real – a viewpoint still maintained in common speech through such everyday terms as moonrise and sunset.[3] Rotation of the Earth on its polar axis – as seen in a heliocentric solar system, which (while anticipated by Aristarchus) was not to be widely accepted until well after Copernicus[3] – leads to what earlier astronomers saw as the real movement of all the heavenly bodies around the Earth every 24 hours.[4]
Astronomers believed that the seven naked-eye planets (including the Moon and the Sun) were carried around the spherical Earth on invisible orbs, while an eighth sphere contained the fixed stars. Motion was provided to the whole system by the Primum Mobile, itself set within the Empyrean, and the fastest moving of all the spheres.[5]
Spherical variations
The total number of celestial spheres was not fixed. In this 16th-century illustration, the firmament (sphere of fixed stars) is eighth, a "crystalline" sphere (posited to account for the reference to "waters ... above the firmament" in Genesis 1:7) is ninth, and the Primum Mobile is tenth. Outside all is the Empyrean, the "habitation of God and all the elect".
Copernicus and after
Copernicus accepted existence of the sphere of the fixed stars, and (more ambiguously) that of the Primum Mobile,[6] as too (initially) did Galileo[7] – though he would later challenge its necessity in a heliocentric system.[8]
Francis Bacon was as sceptical of the Primum Mobile as he was of the rotation of the earth.[9] Once Kepler had made the sun, not the Primum Mobile, the cause of planetary motion, however,[10] the Primum Mobile gradually declined into the realm of metaphor or literary allusion.
Literary references
- Dante made the Primum Mobile the ninth of the ten heavens into which he divided his Paradiso.[11]
- In Geoffrey Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale", the Primum Mobile is apostrophized: "O firste moevyng! crueel firmament, / With thy diurnal sweigh that crowdest ay / And hurlest al from est til occident / That naturelly wolde holde another way ..." (ll. 295–298).[12]
- W. B. Yeats wrote: "The Primum Mobile that fashioned us / Has made the very owls in circles move."[13]
- John Ciardi wrote: "One night I dreamed I was locked in my Father's watch / With Ptolemy and twenty-one ruby stars / Mounted on spheres and the Primum Mobile / Coiled and gleaming to the end of space."[14]
See also
References
\{\{Reflist|30em}}
Further reading
- \{\{cite book |first=C. S. |last=Lewis |author-link=C. S. Lewis |title=The Discarded Image |date=1964 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
- \{\{cite book |first=M. A. |last=Orr |title=Dante and the Early Astronomers |year=1913 |location=London |publisher=Gall & Inglis}} Early scientific cosmologies]] Esoteric cosmology]] Hermeticism]]
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=T. H. |last=Greer |title=A Brief History of the Western World |year=2004 |page=419}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=G. |last=Galle |title=Peter of Auvergne |year=2003 |page=233}}
- ↑ a b \{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Hell |year=1975 |pages=292–295}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=F. A. C. |last=Mantillo |title=Medieval Latin |year=1996 |page=365}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Purgatory |year=1971 |pages=333, 338}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=O. |last=Pederson |title=Early Physics and Astronomy |year=1993 |page=271}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=J. |last=Reston |title=Galileo: A Life |year=2005 |page=46}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=Galileo |last=Galilei |title=Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |publisher=University of California Press |page=261}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=R. L. |last=Ellis |title=Collected Works of Francis Bacon |volume=1 |year=1996 |page=450}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=N. R. |last=Hanson |title=Constellations and Conjectures |year=1973 |pages=256–257}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |last=Dante |title=Paradise |pages=22–23 and endpiece}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=F. N. |editor1-link=Fred Norris Robinson |date=1957 |title=The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer |edition=2nd |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=65}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=W. B. |last=Yeats |author-link=W. B. Yeats |title=The Poems |year=1984 |page=203}}
- ↑ \{\{cite book |first=John |last=Ciardi |title=Collected Poems of John Ciardi |year=1997}}