„littera“ – Versionsunterschied
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lit-- | [[lit-]][[-tera]] <abbr>[[lat.]]</abbr> {{Sbstntv}}, {{wl.}} wrtl. '[[Leder]] (zum beschreiben)', [[sgm.]] "[[Buchstabe]]"<p>Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:</p>From earlier <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:litera#Latin|lītera]]</em>, the existence of which is disputed<sup id="cite_ref-EDL_1-0" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-EDL-1|[1]]]</sup>, with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the ''littera rule''<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-2|[2]]]</sup>), from <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Old_Latin|Old Latin]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=leitera&action=edit&redlink=1 leitera]</em> (attested ca. 122 BC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-3|[3]]]</sup>, argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:lino#Latin|lino]]</em><sup id="cite_ref-EM_4-0" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-EM-4|[4]]]</sup>), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:opera#Latin|opera]]</em> from <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:opus#Latin|opus]]</em>), related to <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Latin|Latin]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:lino#Latin|linō]]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">smear</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span> and <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Proto-Italic_language|Proto-Italic]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/linō|*linō]]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">smear</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-5|[5]]]</sup> ultimately from <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂leyH-|*h₂leyH-]]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">smear</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span>. A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leyt-&action=edit&redlink=1 *leyt-]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">to scratch</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-6|[6]]]</sup> | ||
However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:lino#Latin|lino]]</em> is actually <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:litus#Latin|litus]]</em> with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".<sup id="cite_ref-EDL_1-1" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-EDL-1|[1]]]</sup> | However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:lino#Latin|lino]]</em> is actually <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:litus#Latin|litus]]</em> with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".<sup id="cite_ref-EDL_1-1" class="reference">[[wikt:littera#cite_note-EDL-1|[1]]]</sup> | ||
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*<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography#Ecclesiastical_pronunciation modern Italianate Ecclesiastical]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA]<sup>([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_pronunciation key])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈlit.te.ra/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈlit̪ːerä]</span> | *<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography#Ecclesiastical_pronunciation modern Italianate Ecclesiastical]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA]<sup>([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_pronunciation key])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈlit.te.ra/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈlit̪ːerä]</span> | ||
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Version vom 15. März 2024, 14:36 Uhr
lit--tera lat. Bng., wl. wrtl. 'Leder (zum beschreiben)', sgm. "Buchstabe"
Origin unknown. Two explanations have been proposed:
From earlier lītera, the existence of which is disputed[1], with lengthening of the consonant (sometimes called the littera rule[2]), from Old Latin leitera (attested ca. 122 BC[3], argued by Ernout & Meillet to be a false etymological attraction to lino[4]), from a plural form of earlier adj. *lei-tos (cf. opera from opus), related to Latin linō “smear” and Proto-Italic *linō “smear”,[5] ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- “smear”. A variation of this is to reconstruct the PIE root as *leyt- “to scratch”.[6]
However, de Vaan points out that the past participle from lino is actually litus with a short i and, lacking any other traces of *leitos, says the scenario is "morphologically unconvincing".[1]
Alternatively, perhaps via Etruscan from (or related to, as if from a common source) Ancient Greek διφθέρᾱ (diphthérā, “leather; writing material”) which is claimed by Hesychius to be used to name tablets as well,[4] of unknown ultimate origin.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlʲɪt̪ːɛrä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈlit.te.ra/, [ˈlit̪ːerä]
Noun
littera f (genitive litterae); first declension
- letter (of the alphabet)
- (metonymically) handwriting
- (usually in the plural) letter, epistle
- Litteras resignare.
- (usually in the plural) literature
- The story is missing from our literature.
- Si versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte litterarum carebitis.
- If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.
- (usually in the plural, by extension) letters, knowledge of literature, learning, scholarship
- (usually in the plural) books (often a collection of letters, epistles, accounts, records, etc.)
- (usually in the plural) record(s), account(s), document(s)
- (usually in the plural) edict, ordinance
- Praetoris litterae.
- Litteras revocavit.
- A letter of appointment. (a commission)
Usage notes
- litterae missae means "a letter sent by a person" and litterae allatae a "a letter received" hence, liber litterarum missarum et allatarum meant a letter-book.
Declension
First-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | littera | litterae |
| Genitive | litterae | litterārum |
| Dative | litterae | litterīs |
| Accusative | litteram | litterās |
| Ablative | litterā | litterīs |
| Vocative | littera | litterae |