„-issimus“ – Versionsunterschied
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-issimus {{lat.}} höchste Steigeung vgl. leicht + -este 'leichteste' | |||
Via <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Proto-Italic_language|Proto-Italic]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-isemos&action=edit&redlink=1 *-isemos]</em>, from <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European_language|Proto-Indo-European]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is-&action=edit&redlink=1 *-is-]</em> (zero-grade of <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs|*-yōs]]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">intensive/comparative suffix</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>) + <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tm̥mós|*-tm̥mós]]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">absolute superlative suffix</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. The latter is seen whole in ''-timus'' (e.g. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:intimus#Latin|intimus]]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:extimus#Latin|extimus]]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:citimus#Latin|citimus]]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:ultimus#Latin|ultimus]]</em>, assimilated <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:pessimus#Latin|pessimus]]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:optimus#Latin|optimus]]</em>). The original form seems, however, to be <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-m%CC%A5m%C3%B3s&action=edit&redlink=1 *-m̥mós]</em> (cf. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:super#Latin|super]]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:summus#Latin|summus]]</em>, Gothic <span lang="got" class="Goth">[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌰#Gothic|𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌰]]</span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="got-Latn" class="tr Latn">[[wikt:innuma#Gothic|innuma]]</span>, <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">innermost</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>), with acquired ''t'' from the paradigm ''-ter-'' – ''-timus-'' (e.g. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:exter#Latin|exter]]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:extimus#Latin|extimus]]</em>), and is cognate with <span class="etyl">[[wikipedia:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-umô|*-umô]]</em> (source, via metanalysis, of English <em class="Latn mention" lang="en">[[wikt:-most#English|-most]]</em>). By various sound changes (e.g. ''*-isemos'' > ''*-ismos'' > ''-īmus'') superlative grades in ''-īmus'', ''-ēmus'' etc. (e.g. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:extremus#Latin|extrēmus]]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[[wikt:supremus#Latin|suprēmus]]</em>) are also found.<p>The expected alteration of ''*-(o)ism̥mos'' to ''*-erimus'' is nowhere to be found. The ''-ss-'' may be an example of expressive lengthening of the ''*-s-'' or influence from specific forms as ''pessimus'' and endings in ''-errimus'' and ''-illimus''.</p> | |||
=== <span id="Suffix">Suffix</span> === | === <span id="Suffix">Suffix</span> === | ||
<p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="la">-issimus</strong> (''feminine'' <strong class="Latn" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-issima#Latin -issima]</strong>, ''neuter'' <strong class="Latn" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-issimum#Latin -issimum]</strong>)</span>; ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_first_declension first]/[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_second_declension second-declension] suffix''</p> | <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="la">-issimus</strong> (''feminine'' <strong class="Latn" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-issima#Latin -issima]</strong>, ''neuter'' <strong class="Latn" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-issimum#Latin -issimum]</strong>)</span>; ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_first_declension first]/[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_second_declension second-declension] suffix''</p> | ||
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*Stems in ''-ro-'' and ''-lo-'' instead take the suffix <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-errimus&action=edit&redlink=1 -errimus]</em> and <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-illimus&action=edit&redlink=1 -illimus]</em> respectively (e.g. ''*polkros'' (<em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulcher#Latin pulcher]</em>) > ''*polkrisemos'' > ''*polkr̥semos'' > ''*polkersimos'' > <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulcherrimus#Latin pulcherrimus]</em>). | *Stems in ''-ro-'' and ''-lo-'' instead take the suffix <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-errimus&action=edit&redlink=1 -errimus]</em> and <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-illimus&action=edit&redlink=1 -illimus]</em> respectively (e.g. ''*polkros'' (<em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulcher#Latin pulcher]</em>) > ''*polkrisemos'' > ''*polkr̥semos'' > ''*polkersimos'' > <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulcherrimus#Latin pulcherrimus]</em>). | ||
*Some adjective nouns have irregular superlative grades from other roots or compositions (e.g. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonus#Latin bonus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/optimus#Latin optimus]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malus#Latin malus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pessimus#Latin pessimus]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnus#Latin magnus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maximus#Latin maximus]</em>). | *Some adjective nouns have irregular superlative grades from other roots or compositions (e.g. <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonus#Latin bonus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/optimus#Latin optimus]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malus#Latin malus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pessimus#Latin pessimus]</em>, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnus#Latin magnus]</em> – <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maximus#Latin maximus]</em>). | ||
<span id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</span> | |||
*<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[[wikipedia:Classical_Latin|Classical]]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [[wikt:Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]<sup>([[wikt:Appendix:Latin_pronunciation|key]])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈis.si.mus/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈɪs̠ːɪmʊs̠]</span> | |||
*<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[[wikipedia:Latin_phonology_and_orthography#Ecclesiastical_pronunciation|modern Italianate Ecclesiastical]]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [[wikt:Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]<sup>([[wikt:Appendix:Latin_pronunciation|key]])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈis.si.mus/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈisːimus]</span> | |||
==== <span id="Declension">Declension</span> ==== | ==== <span id="Declension">Declension</span> ==== | ||
Version vom 12. April 2024, 09:23 Uhr
-issimus Vorlage:lat. höchste Steigeung vgl. leicht + -este 'leichteste'
Via Proto-Italic *-isemos, from Proto-Indo-European *-is- (zero-grade of *-yōs (“intensive/comparative suffix”)) + *-tm̥mós (“absolute superlative suffix”). The latter is seen whole in -timus (e.g. intimus – extimus, citimus – ultimus, assimilated pessimus – optimus). The original form seems, however, to be *-m̥mós (cf. super – summus, Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐌼𐌰 (innuma, “innermost”)), with acquired t from the paradigm -ter- – -timus- (e.g. exter – extimus), and is cognate with Proto-Germanic *-umô (source, via metanalysis, of English -most). By various sound changes (e.g. *-isemos > *-ismos > -īmus) superlative grades in -īmus, -ēmus etc. (e.g. extrēmus, suprēmus) are also found.
The expected alteration of *-(o)ism̥mos to *-erimus is nowhere to be found. The -ss- may be an example of expressive lengthening of the *-s- or influence from specific forms as pessimus and endings in -errimus and -illimus.
Suffix
-issimus (feminine -issima, neuter -issimum); first/second-declension suffix
- Added to an adjective noun to form its superlative grade:
- altus (“high”) + -issimus → altissimus (“highest”)
- fortis (“strong”) + -issimus → fortissimus (“strongest”)
Usage notes
- Stems in -ro- and -lo- instead take the suffix -errimus and -illimus respectively (e.g. *polkros (pulcher) > *polkrisemos > *polkr̥semos > *polkersimos > pulcherrimus).
- Some adjective nouns have irregular superlative grades from other roots or compositions (e.g. bonus – optimus, malus – pessimus, magnus – maximus).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈis.si.mus/, [ˈɪs̠ːɪmʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈis.si.mus/, [ˈisːimus]
Declension
First/second-declension adjective.
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | -issimus | -issima | -issimum | -issimī | -issimae | -issima | |
| Genitive | -issimī | -issimae | -issimī | -issimōrum | -issimārum | -issimōrum | |
| Dative | -issimō | -issimō | -issimīs | ||||
| Accusative | -issimum | -issimam | -issimum | -issimōs | -issimās | -issima | |
| Ablative | -issimō | -issimā | -issimō | -issimīs | |||
| Vocative | -issime | -issima | -issimum | -issimī | -issimae | -issima | |