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| <p>From earlier <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hemo#Latin hemō]</em>, from <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Italic_language Proto-Italic]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/hem%C5%8D *hemō]</em>, from <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language Proto-Indo-European]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0m%E1%B9%93 *ǵʰm̥mṓ]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">earthling</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, from <em class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/d%CA%B0%C3%A9%C7%B5%CA%B0%C5%8Dm *dʰéǵʰōm]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">earth</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, whence <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latin]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/humus#Latin humus]</em>. Cognates include <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Lithuanian_language Old Lithuanian]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="olt">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BEmuo#Old_Lithuanian žmuõ]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">man</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language Gothic]</span><em class="Goth mention" lang="got">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0#Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr Latn" lang="got-Latn">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guma#Gothic guma]</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> and <span class="etyl">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English Old English]</span> <em class="Latn mention" lang="ang">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guma#Old_English guma]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">man</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. See also <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nemo#Latin nēmō]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">no one</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, from <em class="Latn mention" lang="itc-pro">[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ne_hem%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1 *ne hemō]</em>.</p><p>The phenomenon of a derivational relationship between the words for both <em class="Latn mention" lang="en">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/earth#English earth]</em> and <em class="Latn mention" lang="en">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man#English man]</em> is also seen in Semitic languages: Hebrew <em class="Hebr mention" lang="he">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D#Hebrew אָדָם]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr Latn" lang="he-Latn">adám</span>, <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">man</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <em class="Hebr mention" lang="he">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94#Hebrew אֲדָמָה]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr Latn" lang="he-Latn">adamá</span>, <span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">soil</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>.</p>
| | # WEITERLEITUNG [[homō]]<p>{ {lat.- Schrg}}</p> |
| === <span id="Pronunciation_12">Pronunciation</span> ===
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| *<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin Classical]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA]<sup>([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_pronunciation key])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈho.moː/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈhɔmoː]</span> or [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA]<sup>([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_pronunciation key])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈho.mo/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈhɔmɔ]</span>
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| *<span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography#Ecclesiastical_pronunciation modern Italianate Ecclesiastical]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet IPA]<sup>([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_pronunciation key])</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈo.mo/</span>, <span class="IPA">[ˈɔːmo]</span>
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| *Note: [https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=iambic_shortening&action=edit&redlink=1 iambic shortening] of the final vowel before a following (primarily or secondarily) stressed syllable is very common, but in hexameter poetry this variation may simply have been lexicalised as arbitrary license.
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| === <span id="Noun_14">Noun</span> ===
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| <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="la">homō</strong> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr></span> (''genitive'' <strong class="Latn" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominis#Latin hominis]</strong>)</span>; ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_third_declension third declension]''</p>
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| #a [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/human_being#English human being], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man#English man], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/human#English human], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/person#English person] <span class="HQToggle">[ quotations ▼]</span>
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| #:<div class="h-usage-example"><em class="Latn mention e-example" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo_homini_lupus#Latin '''Homō hominī''' lupus] (proverb).</em>
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| :#:<span class="e-translation">'''Man''' is a wolf to '''man'''.</span>
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| </div>
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| #:<div class="h-usage-example"><em class="Latn mention e-example" lang="la">'''Hominēs''', dum docent, discunt.</em>
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| :#:<span class="e-translation">While teaching, '''people''' also learn themselves.</span>
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| </div>
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| #a [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/male#English male] human being, [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man#English man] <span class="HQToggle">[ quotations ▼]</span>
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| #<span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">address</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/man#English man], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fellow#English fellow], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mate#English mate], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pal#English pal], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bud#English bud], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/partner#English partner], [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dude#English dude] <span class="gloss-brac">(</span><span class="gloss-content"><span class="Latn" lang="en">a form of address to male peers, especially by another male</span></span><span class="gloss-brac">)</span> <span class="HQToggle">[ quotations ▼]</span>
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| #<span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">address</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <span class="use-with-mention"><span class="Latn" lang="en">used in the vocative expression "<em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mi#Latin mi]</em> ''homo''" as a form of address to a man by a woman</span></span> <span class="HQToggle">[ quotations ▼]</span>
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| #<span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin Medieval Latin]</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/husband#English husband]
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| ==== <span id="Usage_notes_4">Usage notes</span> ====
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| *''Homō'' has the basic sense of "human being"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#cite_note-1 [1]]</sup> and is often used generically to mean “Man” or “men” in the broad sense of "humanity", encompassing both male and female human beings. It is not typically used to specify or emphasize male as opposed to female sex: the usual terms to express “man” in the sense “male” are <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin vir]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">adult male human being</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> or <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mas#Latin mās]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">male</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. There are rare examples in early Latin of ''homō'' being used in contrast to an explicitly female term such as <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulier#Latin mulier]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">woman</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, such as Plautus ''Cistellaria'' 723, but this only becomes frequent in late Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#cite_note-2 [2]]</sup>
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| *When referring to specific human beings, <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">homō</em> is more often applied to male rather than female persons in the corpus of ancient Latin texts. For Romans, the use of <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">homō</em> versus <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin vir]</em> when referring to a male human being was influenced by the differing social connotations of the two words: <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin vir]</em> tends to be reserved as a positive designation for men of the Roman upper class, whereas the more generic term ''homō'' is frequently used to refer to men of lower social orders or foreigners,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#cite_note-3 [3]]</sup> and also to refer to upper class men in contexts where the positive connotations of <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin vir]</em> would be out of place. For example, ''homō'' rather than <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin vir]</em> tends to be used by Cicero in connection with pejorative adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#cite_note-4 [4]]</sup> There seems to have been a similar distinction in social connotation between <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulier#Latin mulier]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">woman</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, the general word for 'woman' that could be used in neutral or negative contexts, and <em class="Latn mention" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/femina#Latin fēmina]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">female, woman</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, which had positive, aristocratic overtones when used as a designation for a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homo#cite_note-5 [5]]</sup>
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| *''Homō'' is claimed to be of common ([https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epicene epicene]) gender by several grammarians, albeit with limited external supporting evidence - see quotations. When used with a modifier and referring to a woman, nevertheless agrees in the masculine gender (like German <em class="Latn mention" lang="de">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mensch#German Mensch]</em>, Russian <em class="Cyrl mention" lang="ru">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA#Russian челове́к]</em> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr Latn" lang="ru-Latn">čelovék</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>) ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisius Charisius], GL I, p.102.20–103.1 = pp.130.19–31.2 B.).
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| ==== <span id="Declension_2">Declension</span> ====
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| <p>[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_third_declension Third-declension] noun.</p>
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| {| class="wikitable inflection-table inflection-table-la" | |
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| ! class="corner-header" | Case
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| ! class="number-header" | Singular
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| ! class="number-header" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nominative_case Nominative]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la nom|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la"><strong class="selflink">homō</strong></span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la nom|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homines#Latin hominēs]</span>
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genitive_case Genitive]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la gen|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominis#Latin hominis]</span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la gen|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominum#Latin hominum]</span>
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dative_case Dative]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la dat|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homini#Latin hominī]</span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la dat|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominibus#Latin hominibus]</span>
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accusative_case Accusative]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la acc|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominem#Latin hominem]</span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la acc|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homines#Latin hominēs]</span>
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ablative_case Ablative]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la abl|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homine#Latin homine]</span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la abl|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hominibus#Latin hominibus]</span>
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| |-
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| ! class="case-header" | [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocative_case Vocative]
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la voc|s-form-of origin-homō" lang="la"><strong class="selflink">homō</strong></span>
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| | class="form-cell" | <span class="Latn form-of lang-la voc|p-form-of origin-homō" lang="la">[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homines#Latin hominēs]</span>
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| |}
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