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| <p>Unter '''Guṇa''' (Sanskrit, m., गुण, guṇa, urspr.: [[Schnur]], [[Faden]]; später: [[Eigenschaft]], [[Qualität]]) versteht man:</p>
| | #WEITERLEITUNG [[ Guṇa]]<p></ p> |
| *nach dem philosophischen Konzept des indischen [[Samkhya]] die Qualitäten jener Kräfte, aus denen die [[Urmaterie]] des '''Swarga Loka''', [[Prakriti]], zusammengesetzt ist, s. [[Guna (Samkhya)]]
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| *in der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit Sanskrit]-Grammatik die [[Vollstufe]] im qualitativen Ablaut, s. [[Ablaute im Sanskrit]]
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| In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar Sanskrit grammatical tradition] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakarana Vyakarana]), ''guṇa'' refers to a set of normal-length vowels that are less reduced than the basic set (in modern terms, the ''zero grade''), but more reduced than the ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi <em lang="sa-Latn">vṛddhi</em>]''vowels (in modern terms, the ''lengthened grade''). As an example, ''ṛ, i, u'' are basic (zero-grade) vowels, with corresponding <em lang="sa-Latn">guṇa</em> (full-grade) vowels ''ar, e, o'' and <em lang="sa-Latn">vṛddhi</em> (lengthened-grade) vowels ''ār, ai, au''. (This is more understandable once it is realized that, at an earlier stage of development, Sanskrit ''e'' and ''o'' were ''ai''and ''au'', and Sanskrit ''ai'' and ''au'' were ''āi'' and ''āu''.) ''Guṇa'' corresponds to what is now termed the ''full grade'' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut Indo-European ablaut]. Another orthography and phonology concept related to ''Guṇa'' is ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi Vṛddhi]''.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a#cite_note-44 [44]]</sup> These innovations are not unique to Sanskrit, but also found in Greek, Latin, Italian and to some extent Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a#cite_note-45 [45]]</sup> ''Guna'' and other rules of language for Sanskrit are described by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini Pāṇini] in his ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtadhyayi Ashtadhyayi]''.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a#cite_note-46 [46]]</sup>
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