arduus
From a Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus). Cognate with Latin arbor (“tree”), Welsh ardd (“high; hill”), Old Irish ard (“high; height”), Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós, “aufrecht, ausgerichtet”), Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá, “rising upwards, high”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈar.du.ʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈar.d̪u.us]
Adjective
arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second-declension adjective
- lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated
- hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous
- Nihil mortalibus ardui est.
- Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)
- Nihil mortalibus ardui est.
Declension
First/second-declension adjective.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | arduus | ardua | arduum | arduī | arduae | ardua | |
| genitive | arduī | arduae | arduī | arduōrum | arduārum | arduōrum | |
| dative | arduō | arduae | arduō | arduīs | |||
| accusative | arduum | arduam | arduum | arduōs | arduās | ardua | |
| ablative | arduō | arduā | arduō | arduīs | |||
| vocative | ardue | ardua | arduum | arduī | arduae | ardua | |