cum

cum (+ Ablativ)

1. mit, zusammen mit
   • Titus cum familiā Lebensraum. - Titus lebt mit seiner Familie.
   • magnā cum laude – mit großem Lob
2. at (bezeichnet einen Zeitpunkt, mit dem eine Aktion zusammenfällt)
   • Mīlitēs cum prīmā lūce vēnērunt. - Die Soldaten kamen bei Tagesanbruch.
3. -fold (mit Ordnungszahl)
   • cum centesimo efficere – das Hundertfache ergeben

Vom alat. com, vom protokursiven *kom, vom uig. *ḱóm („neben, bei, mit, entlang“). Verwandt mit uger. *ga- „co-“, protoslawischem *sъ(n) („mit“), protogermanischem *hansō. Mehr bei Hanse.

Der Ablativ stammt aus dem PIE comitative-instrumental.

Alternative forms

1. • cũ, ꝯ (abbreviations, Medieval Latin, Renaissance Latin, early modern)
   • kom, com (Archaic Latin)
   • -cum (used with pronouns)

Pronunciation

1. • (Classical) IPA^(key): /kum/, [kʊ̃ˑ]
   • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /kum/, [kum]

Etymology 1

From Old Latin com, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ga- (“co-”), Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) (“with”), Proto-Germanic *hansō. More at Hanse.

The ablative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

Preposition

cum (+ ablative)

1. 1. with, along with

      Titus cum familiā habitat. ― Titus lives with his family.

      magnā cum laude ― with great praise

   2. at (denoting a point in time with which an action coincides)

      Mīlitēs cum prīmā lūce vēnērunt. ― The soldiers came at day-break.

   3. -fold (with ordinal number)

      cum centesimo efficere ― to yield a hundredfold

Etymology 2

From Old Latin quom, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóm, accusative of *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare its feminine form quam (as in tum-tam).

Alternative forms

• quom (pre-Classical)
• quum (post-classical)

Conjunction

cum (followed by the subjunctive)

1. when, after (causal, with imperfect subjunctive or pluperfect subjunctive)
2. because, since
3. although

cum (followed by the indicative)

1. when, while (temporal, with present indicative or perfect indicative)

Usage notes

• In the sense of when, if there is no causal link between the verb in the dependent clause and the verb in the main clause (sometimes called an inverted cum-clause, as the 'main action' of the sentence occurs in the dependent clause), the indicative is used rather than the subjunctive.

  per viam ambulābāmus cum pugnam vīdimus. [not *vīderīmus] — "We were walking through the street when we saw a fight."

Often coupled with tum

1. Such that "tum x, cum y" = "then x, when y"
2. "cum x tum y"="not only x but also y" [ quotations ▼]

Coordinate terms

• tum