hic

Etymology 1

From older hec, from Proto-Italic *hoke, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰo (“indeed”, emphatic clitic) + *ḱe (“here”, deictic particle). Reconstructed forms with o are made likely by the Old Latin form hoi (“this”).

The feminine and neuter inflected forms were created in analogy to quī, quae, quod. In the Italic languages only Faliscan has a clear cognate inflected pronoun: hac (acc./abl. sg. f.). A petrified form may be present in the Umbrian word for "the same": eru-hu (abl. sg. m.), era-hunt ~ era-font (abl. sg. f.)^[1]^[2]

In Indo-European the first element is cognate with Sanskrit घ (gha) ~ ह (ha, intensifier), हि (hi, “surely, for”), Czech že (“that”, conjunction), Russian же (že, intensifying particle). The second element is cognate with Latin cis (“on this side”), ce-dō, Ancient Greek ἐ-κε-ῖνος (e-ke-înos, “that”), Old Irish cē (“here”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “to this”). More at he, here.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /hik/, [hɪk]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ik/, [ik]
Note: before a vowel, the original single final [k] is often but not always doubled by Classical and later poets by analogy with hoc

Adjective

hic (feminine haec, neuter hoc); first/second-declension adjective (hic-type)

this; these (in the plural)
Sī versūs hōrum duōrum poetārum neglegētis, magnā parte litterārum carēbitis.

If you neglect the verses of these two poets, you will miss a great part of literature.

Hanc rem pūblicam salvam esse volumus.

We wish this republic to be safe.

Pronoun

hic (feminine haec, neuter hoc); first/second-declension pronoun (hic-type)

this one; this (thing); these ones (in the plural); these (things); he, she, it [ quotations ▼]
Mitte hunc meā grātiā.

Let him alone for my sake.

Declension

In Medieval Latin pl. fem. hae through some vulgar form, *haeae, is replaced by hee.
When combined with the interrogative clitic -ne, an i is restored at the end of the word: hicine, haecine, hocine, etc.

First/second-declension adjective (hic-type).

Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Number	Singular			Plural
Nominative	hic	haec	hoc	hī	hae	haec
Genitive	huius			hōrum	hārum	hōrum
Dative	huic			hīs
Accusative	hunc	hanc	hoc	hōs	hās	haec
Ablative	hōc	hāc	hōc	hīs

Usage notes

This demonstrative adjective/pronoun is used to refer to a person or thing, or persons or things, near the speaker. It contrasts with ille (“that”), which refers to people or things far from the speaker and the listener, and iste (“this/that”), which refers to people or things near the listener.
As Latin had no person pronouns specifically meaning "he", "she" or "it", any of ille, iste, hic or (most frequently) is could assume that function.
In Vulgar Latin, phonetic changes tended to eliminate both the initial h and final c, leaving nothing but a bare vowel. Consequently, this demonstrative gradually disappeared and was replaced with iste, which originally meant "that (near you)". (This left only a two-term system of demonstratives in comparison with Latin's three-term system, but the gap was filled in some areas by pressing ipse into service as a middle demonstrative. Spanish, for example, has este (“this”) < Latin iste, ese (“that (near you)”) < Latin ipse, and aquel (“that (far from you and me)”)< Latin eccum ille.) This process was gradual, and the neuter form hoc survived the longest (it still survives, for example, in Catalan ho). Other forms sometimes survived in compound expressions, e.g. Portuguese agora (“now”) < Latin hāc hōrā.

Etymology 2

From older heic, adverb (locative) from hic.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /hiːk/, [hiːk]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ik/, [ik]

Adverb

hīc (not comparable)

here, in or at this place [ quotations ▼]

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[2